Iceland education. Learning in Scandinavia

Iceland instruction. Learning in Scandinavia Craftsmanship teaches in Iceland There are a couple of organizations in Iceland that give a traditional workmanship training, which is perfect for degree searchers, music fans and theater sweethearts the same. Here is the rundown of the most famous foundations, concentrated on workmanship and craftsmanship disciplines, which will permit you to get a universal confirmation. Iceland Academy of the Arts. To apply to Iceland Academy of the Arts, you must be a top understudy with magnificent evaluations. After you finish optional school, you can compose an inspiration letter to the application place and check whether your positioning is sufficient to pass. Afterward, they permit you to enlist with what could be compared to a similar program. You can consider music, engineering, move, plan and theater, and take part in music exercises, as Iceland Academy is known for its assortment of innovative classes. They are totally molded to accommodate your bustling calendar, and you can consolidate examining present day hit the dance floor with compositional styles. Akureyri School of Visual Arts. The individuals who look to get a certificate in expressive arts in Akureyri, should initially finish the 180 units of preparing. At that point, you continue to the following phase of the program, where you are given a decision to pick a course in free expressions. The decent variety of the subjects will make your jaw drop: you can be a picture taker, an originator, an oil painter, a realistic modeler or a researcher, occupied with proficient composition, contingent upon your majors. You will get a confirmation following three years of considering, and the rundown of subjects that must be remembered for the assessment program is moderate. For all we know, Akureyri School of Visual Arts is acclaimed for its adaptable calendar and elective courses, which are not necessary, interestingly with different colleges of a similar range. The Reykjavik School of Visual Arts. This is certainly not a run of the mill school you hope to experience when you apply for a course. It gives craftsmanship instruction to grown-ups, understudies and youngsters, who wish to become familiar with the nuts and bolts of structure. The school offers a course in three principle subjects. These are forming, portraying and drawing. Each and every individual who needs extra classes, can apply for another program, which incorporates each of the three controls consolidated. In the event that you don’t have the chance to concentrate full-time, Reykjavik School of Visual Arts can assist you with that, fitting a timetable that is close to home, and helping you with test readiness. Low maintenance representatives can likewise go to assemble gatherings to talk about the course subjects, and make changes to the semester program, if fundamental. These gatherings have a subjective reason, as well, as understudies investigate the assortment of the school’s network and join with the class. Curiously, Reykjavik School of Visual Arts figured out how to join national customs with European qualities, giving understudies a range of exercises that keep them propelled and excited about the up and coming semester. This is done so as to keep up Iceland culture and grow better approaches for correspondence between students, who didn’t have a chance to investigate Reykjavik previously. As an understudy, you can pick the clay craftsman study program, adding subjects of your jumping at the chance to the timetable and acquiring grades. The Agricultural University of Iceland. This college is a Mecca for future creators in farming, as it offers a course in Landscape Planning and Architecture. All the more significantly, on the off chance that you don’t realize Scandinavian dialects all around ok to drench in the instructive procedure, you can take the program in English, and get a confirmation following three years of study. In excess of 100 credits are given to the students at the college, and it is a full-time program, which requires a specific information on visual communication and agribusiness.

BLACK RAGE HISTORICAL STUDY Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Dark RAGE: HISTORICAL STUDY Essay, Research Paper Dark Fury: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS Layout Proposal Statement: Throughout the historical backdrop of the United States, as observed through an examination of Afro-american writing and talk, dark wrath has non just existed, however has developed. As the drive toward uniformity is plainly clear operating at a profit race? s fight, the request of where ( or when ) this anger will decrease ( if ever ) stays unreciprocated. In breaking down dark wrath, four discernable times of American history ought to be thought of: subjugation, Reconstruction and Jim Crow, the Civil Rights Era, and cutting edge America. I. Presentation A. Foundation 1. All through Afro-american history, a nearness of? dark wrath? is recognizable through both Afro-american writing and talk. 2. This wrath has exuded from an area of racial disparity and has picked up drive from the beginning of time. B. The Problem 1. When covering with the build of racial fairness, the request must be asked: Can two races live respectively in balance? 2. It presently can't seem to be demonstrated that a region of uniformity can be gotten in the United States for African Americans. 3. Given the motivation that exists inside Afro-american culture to determine more opportunity, is an inversion in racial force unavoidable? II. Subjugation in America: Bondage is the start of dark anger. A. Perhaps the soonest voice of dark wrath is that of David Walker B. Nat Turner? s disobedience cemented white America? s dread of defiance. C. Perhaps the most hawkish voice of dark anger during servitude is that of Henry Good country Garnett. D. Fredrick Douglass, however an increasingly moderate voice, other than shows the anger of his race. III. Reproduction and Jim Crow: With servitude abrogated, uniformity was still non cultivated, further envenoming African Americans and filling the longing to survive. A. T. Thomas Fortune clarifies the bind of the dark race during Reconstruction, declaring that nil has been explained ; subjugation is gone, however the dark grown-up male is non free. B. Marcus Garvy stands totally as one who has energetically tried to give the wrath of his kin militantly. C. Langston Hughes typifies the dilemma of the dark race in America in his poesy. D. Authentic Brown? s? Solid Work power? diagrams the dark fight in America, representing a drive of dark wrath. E. James Weldon Johnson and Ralph J. Pack legitimize fierce diverting of rage to show signs of improvement of enslavement. F. Claude McKay advocates power and battling back. G. W. E. B. Du Bois, however an increasingly moderate dark voice, forecasts the happening to an inescapable race battle in America. IV. The Civil Rights Motion: The Civil Rights movement, perhaps the best introduction of dark fierceness in American history, delivers an explosion of anger talk. A. In the fight for social liberties, the talk of upset commands as one significant subject of dark fierceness. B. Going with radical thought, dark talk or fierceness other than unequivocally advocates the utilization of power. C. Dark Power, suggesting upheaval and power, commands the head of dark fury introduction. D. One association that intends to grant dark rage militantly past the endeavors of others is the Black Panther Party. F. The fight for cultural force among white and dark America was brought to a caput during the Civil Rights Era. G. While numerous during the Civil Rights Movement upheld a hawkish movement with a different dark specialists, the chance of dark laterality in America, an inversion of racial force, was other than voiced. H. Potentially exemplifying the full skirmish of rage during the Civil Rights Movement are the plants of Malcolm X. I. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , other than looked to confer dark wrath to result adjustment. V. Dark Rage in Contemporary America: In cutting edge American culture, Afro-american uniformity presently can't seem to be acknowledged, wrath despite everything exists. A. The contention for social equality is non over. B.. Dark wrath is as yet present. C. Could a region of equity ever be gotten among Whites and inkinesss in America? D. Understanding what it took to infer common land in the days gone by, what is it going to take in cutting edge America? F. The Los Angeles open violences each piece great as directed research exhibit that wrath is as yet present and holding back to move. VI. The Decision A. Reappraisal of the significant issues 1. Servitude is the start of dark anger in America. 2. With servitude abrogated balance was still non practiced, further envenoming African Americans and filling the craving to improve of. 3. The Civil Rights movement was perhaps the best introduction of dark anger in American history. 4. In current American culture, Afro-american correspondence still can't seem to be figured it out. B. The answer, the arrangement, the finishing up notion 1. White American culture is reluctant to surrender control, and Black American society is reluctant to agree to anything short of whole uniformity. 2. The motivation of rage and want to show signs of improvement of imbalance will pressure the issue what's more, deliver an inversion of racial force in America. Dark Fury: A Historical Analysis Unrest? In America? America was established and based upon the truly decide that it is worthy for a loaded people to lift up in resistance to acquire opportunity, independency, and self-assurance. In the Declaration of Independence, America? s most regarded inception patriarchs shouted to King George, ? We hold these certainties to be proverbial, that all work powers are made equivalent. . . . ? Be that as it may, non dark work powers. The dark race has been subjugated, dehumanized, stomped on, held down, stifled, calmed, and deprived of human rights from the very develop of this brilliant state, America. What's more, what was normal accordingly from this race of loaded individuals? Accommodation and suspension! To what extent did the oppressors hope to keep up a full race of work powers down? Inconclusively! So they thought. The? Negro occupation? has tormented white America ever since the designers would not recognize the dark race? s legitimate and only case to human rights and correspondence. Subjugation separated the state in the bitterest strife ever battled between the shores of the state. The Civil Rights Movement tossed the state into spasm and open brutality neer prior experient between her limit lines. No, dark individuals would non delicately submit and acknowledge the out of line conditions forced upon them. They would non rest each piece long as they were oppressed and dehumanized. They would non delicately subject to? independent yet equivalent? disparity. They would ( and they will ) show signs of improvement of. Dark anger, begat and characterized in the warmth of the Civil Rights Movement, has existed since the commencement of America. While rage might be characterized as communicated completely in Acts of the Apostless of physical power and anger, wrath other than shows a? power of feeling, want, or hunger. . . a vicious want or enthusiasm? ( Webster? s 1187 ) . Furthermore, this is accurately what establishes? dark fierceness. ? William Grier and Price Cobbs, in their 1968 radical examination Black Rage, relate the anger experienced by the dark network to the quality of their sentiments about the enslavement they have encountered. They compose, ? Watch [ that ] the entirety of fierceness the persecuted twists on his tormenter is an immediate guide of the profundity of his despair, and see the quality of the dark grown-up male? s grief? ( 210 ) . [ Thesis: ] Throughout the historical backdrop of the United States, as observed through an examination of Afro-american writing and talk, dark f ierceness has non only existed, yet has developed. As the drive toward uniformity is obviously clear operating at a profit race? s fight, the request of where ( or when ) this wrath will decrease ( if ever ) stays unreciprocated. In investigating dark rage, four recognizable times of American history ought to be thought of: servitude, Reconstruction and Jim Crow, the Civil Rights Era, and cutting edge America. Subjection in America The oppression forced by the white race upon dark mankind in America has non been without impact. The oppression has caused a region of fierceness, dark anger, inside the chest and mind of the dark race that has non gone unnoticed nor unreciprocated. From the earliest starting point of this state, established in the caustic specialty and dehumanization of the subjugation, hazard # 8212 ; world, rather # 8212 ; of dark resistance, disobedience, and triumph has been more than show in America. Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, David Walker, Nat Turner, and Frederick Douglass, each piece great the same number of others, have all struck trepidation operating at a profit Marias of Whites ; America understood that she would non everlastingly have the option to keep up the dark race enslaved. Incline stood up. It stood up through the composed word. It stood up in amazing rhetoric and reprobating declaration. It stood up in physical and savage disobedience. The inside sentiment of wrath brought about by the sorrow of oppression changed itself into physical, brutal rage. Truly, dark wrath, talking out against the atrociousnesss of enslavement and bondage of a race, would be heard ; it would be communicated. Potentially the most punctual voice of dark anger is that of David Walker. Fitting to Arthur Smith and Stephen Robb, editors of The Voices of Black Rhetoric: Choices, Walker? s? fight addresss and articles checked him as the most dangerous single the genius bondage powers had ever experienced. Walker talked strikingly, talking unrest and disobedience? ( 10 ) . In his Entreaty, Walker demands paradise against subjugation and helps America to remember states from the beginning of time # 8212 ; Egypt, Rome, Spain # 8212 ; that have endured obliteration due to such inhumaneness. He unequivocally and obviously suggests that America will go up against the sam

8 a.m. Class When to Worry

8 a.m. Class When to Worry There is often a stigma for incoming college Freshmen that they will have all 8:00 classes. Is that good? Is that bad? Well, the truth is that it completely depends on the person, their major, and how quick they are to sign up for classes. I, a current freshman, have never had an 8:00 a.m. class, but I have had quite a few at 9:00, while I know sophomores and juniors who have 8:00 classes five days a week. First off, whether to fear an 8:00 class depends on each individual student. If you are someone who gets to bed early, wakes up excited about the day, and tends to have a get up and go attitude, I encourage you to take 8:00 classes. Morning classes are an incredible motivator to get the day started and actually lead to healthier choices throughout the day, too. Second, considering your major is an important factor in determining whether you will have to take early morning classes or not. If you are in a very large major, such as Engineering or General Studies, the odds of you always getting the classes and times you want are quite slim. If you are in a smaller major, say Speech and Hearing Sciences, your chances increase. Last but not least, how quickly an individual signs up for classes is often a big determinant in whether they have to take early classes or not. At the University of Illinois, there are ways to get access to early class registration, and thus, nearly always getting the classes and times most desired. Being a student-athlete or a James Scholar (more to come in my next blog post) gets early access and let me tell you, it really is fantastic. All in all, do not fear an early morning class. Embrace it. Early classes force you to be more productive throughout the day, and there will always be time for a power nap somewhere in your schedule. Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

Effects Of Music On Memory And Studying - 1750 Words

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I would like to thank my readers for reading my report and give any suggestion for my report. I am going to present my report within few days on June 8, 2016. Sincerely, Arshdeep Singh NAIT Heavy Equipment Technology student TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 INTRODUCTION 1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1 WHAT IS MUSIC? 2 CLASSIFICATION OF MUSIC 2 EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON STUDYING OR MEMORY 3 CONCLUSION 5 REFERENCES 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Student reading while listening to musicShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Music On Memory And Studying1475 Words   |  6 PagesAlberta Institute of Technology 11762 – 106 Street NW Edmonton, AB T5G 2R1 Dear Ms. Quantz: The report below tells us about the information regarding music and it’s classification. The report also describes about the effects of music on memory and studying. 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Over the years, I have found methods of studying that work for me, and methods that do not work. These methods are explained and provided with proper examples from the textbook provided inRead MoreMusic, Memories, And The Brain Essay844 Words   |  4 PagesWhen music plays as s ignificant of a role in American society as it does today, many researchers focus their work on understanding the effects of music on the brain. In the podcast entitled Music, Memories, and the Brain, Steve Mencher interviews Dr. Petr Janata to find out more about how music is associated with human memories. Janata works in the psychology department at the University of California, in Davis, California. Janata’s research suggests that humans unintentionally store and create a

Social Context of Othello - 667 Words

On November 1, 1604, King James I and his court were the first to watch a production of William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello.† The famous playwright was in the midst of his tragedy period, penning such classics as â€Å"Hamlet,† â€Å"King Lear,† and â€Å"Macbeth.† The story of â€Å"Othello† has its roots in the historical events and cultural atmosphere of the late 16th and early 17th centuries. It was a common practice of playwrights at the time to borrow or lift plot ideas from other preexisting stories, and Shakespeare was no exception to the rule. The plot of â€Å"Othello† most closely resembles a 1565 story by the Italian writer Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinzio: a Moorish general is tricked by one of his officers into thinking his wife has been unfaithful.†¦show more content†¦Othello describes Desdemona’s supposed sullied reputation as â€Å"begrimed and black/ as mine own face† (3.3.390-1) and seeks â€Å"black vengeance† (3.3.450). 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MEMORIES OF THE SLAVE TRADE - 1000 Words

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Monique Abdelsayed Essay Example For Students

Monique Abdelsayed Essay 9/10/04 Sanity is over rated Who am I? A strange question, I am not sure if I can answer that. Letme instead take you on a journey to see how my heart guided me in so manydirections. These events and actions that brought me to where I am today. I was in private Catholic school for twelve years, throughout all myyears in school I cannot remember a day that I felt getting up and going toschool was going to be anything but complete torture. I was an outcast; Ispoke to absolutely no one, being picked on because I was the only Egyptianany of these kids had ever met, I was beat up, spat upon, you name it; likeI said torture! It took quite a long time to adjust and come to therealization that it really had nothing to do with me; it was the ignoranceof my classmates. Then came high school, a whole new experience. I whole-heartedlythought it would be different. I was somewhat social in High school but didnot have any interest from the boys in school. Then some thing every 15 yrold girl with a low self-esteem wants came to me, a boys attention. Therewas a problem with this boy though; he was 21 yrs old, this should havebeen the warning sign saying RUN!, but it wasnt. I also later found outhe was homeless and jobless (a legit job, he was a drug dealer). It was thebasic idea that a boy thought I was attractive. Nonetheless, by the thirdmonth of dating this boy I was pregnant. This I think was the scariestthing I had ever faced, but I followed my heart. I didnt tell anyone tillmy third trimester so that no one could influence me or convince me to getan abortion. When the news finally came out, it was a great disappointment,dishonoring my parents. I dont think my dad has ever looked at me the samesince that day. I was only fifteen I didnt realize what I had gottenmyself into. The months passed by very quickly, before I knew it I was almost 6months pregnant. By this time it was about mid March 1996. I went to my biweekly Dr. appointment, but there was a problem, it seemed my baby had avery weak heartbeat. My heart dropped into my stomach, I was terrified. Ican still smell the sanitized air in the exam room when the doctor told methat there was a problem. I just kept asking, What have I done, what haveI done? I was totally hysterical. The doctor and nurse held me down andgave me a sedative of some sort; I was kept in the hospital forobservation. Truthfully it gets really fuzzy after that. The next thing Iremember is being in labor. I remember hearing my voice echoing in the coldwhite room, it seemed like the longest two days of my life! On March 17, 1996 I gave birth to a baby girl, unfortunately she wasunable to experience the gift of life that we all take for granted. I wasdevastated. You can imagine what this can do to a woman who has a husband;I was a lone to deal with my first childs death. My greatest struggle wasnot being able to properly burry her, she deserved more then that. I wastold not to name the baby, but I did, her name was Yasmine. It took meabout a year to recover and at least look normal to the rest of the world. I finally snapped out my deep depression, after two suicide attempts,several therapy sessions and the countless incidences of running away fromhome. I realized that what I needed was to get back on track like a regularteenager. As if after all the drugs and trips to the hospital I could everbe considered normal. .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8 , .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8 .postImageUrl , .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8 , .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8:hover , .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8:visited , .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8:active { border:0!important; } .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8:active , .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8 .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ube7f2a4a56c167936e2d56579e35b1b8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Childhood Onset Bipolar Disorder Essay I never did go back to school, well at least not to high school. I didhowever get into Job Corps, which is a government program that teachesteens and adults (17-24) a trade (carpentry, electrical, clerical ect) theycan also study and get their GED. This is what I did; I received my GEDwithin the first month of attending. I had decided to leave early because Inew that I had a much greater purpose in my future. After several years ata Community College going absolutely nowhere I decided it was time to moveforward with a new approach. After contacting several schools I came to the conclusion that Devryoffered the curriculum that I needed. I am currently a ComputerEngineering Technology major. Ultimately, I want to go into the productdevelopment field. I know that education can only do so much, but right nowI am taking my heart to a new place again, this time I have faith that mydesires whether it be material or spiritual are within my reach. To travelaround the world, to be financially stable, as well as having peace ofmind. Maybe even have a family some day (if God permits.) After several years of fear, restraint and avoidance, I have followedmy heart once again, setting long-term goals with hopes to achieve andexceed them. Maybe following your heart isnt a bad thing. The key ischoosing wisely and making sure to follow through that makes all thedifference. Thesis: The last paragraph

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Pressure Hard to keep constant. Surface area Hard to measure surface area of powdered Calcium Carbonate. Rate of stirring Hard to keep constant and very inaccurate. Time Not relevant as rate of reaction has no effect on amount of Carbon Dioxide produced. Amount of carbonate This is the factor under investigation Discontinuous Variables Factor Type of acid All acids contain H+ ions required for reaction. Type of carbonate Some carbonates such as Sodium are soluble, therefore I will not be able to investigate. In my investigation I have chosen to investigate the amount of carbonate rather than the type of carbonate as amount is a continuos variable and will produce a pattern rather than a random collection of carbonates. Constants The following variables will be kept constant: Variable Control of variable Temperature Room Temperature Type Concentration of acid 2M Hydrochloric Acid Amount of Acid 50ml Pressure Atmospheric Type of carbonate Calcium Carbonate Rate of stirring None Fair Test In order to make this investigation as fair as possible, all the constant variables must remain constant throughout the experiment, as mass of carbonate is the only variable changing. The experiment must be repeated at least twice so as not to get any anomalous results. The constants must be checked every time a result is taken. Prediction The volume of Carbon Dioxide produced will increase directly proportionally with the mass of Calcium Carbonate used. Calcium Carbonate Hydrochloric Acid Calcium Chloride Water Carbon Dioxide CaCO3 HCl CaCl2 H2O CO2 1 2 1 1 1 100g 73g 111g 18g 24dm3 g of CaCO3 produces 24000cm3 of CO2 g of CaCO3 produces 48000cm3 of CO2 g of CaCO3 produces 72000cm3 of CO2 g of CaCO3 produces 96000cm3 of CO2 From these calculations it is visible to say that doubling the mass of carbonate doubles the volume of Carbon Dioxide produced. Tripling the mass of carbonate triples the volume of Carbon Dioxide produced. The relationship is directly proportional and the graph of mass against volume shows a straight line through the origin. Safety Acids are corrosive and an irritant. Safety glasses and labcoats must be worn at all times. Wash hands after experiment. Reacting Moles Masses Calcium Carbonate Hydrochloric Acid Calcium Chloride Water Carbon Dioxide CaCO3 HCl CaCl2 H2O CO2 1 2 1 1 1 100g 73g 111g 18g 24dm3 g of CaCO3 produces 24dm3 of CO2 as 1 mole of any gas at room temperature and pressure occupies 24dm3. g of CaCO3 produces 240cm3 of CO2 g of CaCO3 produces 192cm3 of CO2 g of CaCO3 produces 144cm3 of CO2 g of CaCO3 produces 96cm3 of CO2 g of CaCO3 produces 48cm3 of CO2 The relationship is directly proportional and the graph of mass against volume shows a straight line through the origin. I have chosen to investigate the masses shown above ranging from 0.2g to 1.0g. This should give me a wide and consistent spread of results. I have decided to collect the CO2 produced in measuring cylinders, which the maximum size is 250ml. I will have to use masses to fit the size of the measuring cylinder. My calculations above confirm that none of the masses will produce more than the amount of the measuring cylinder. Sample Results table Mass of Calcium Carbonate (g) Volume of expected Carbon Dioxide (cm) Actual volume of Carbon Dioxide produced (cm) 0.2 48 0.4 96 0.6 144 0.8 192 1.0 240 Preliminary Work In my preliminary work I investigated the two extremes, 0.2g 1.0g of Calcium Carbonate. Mass of Calcium Carbonate (g) Volume of expected Carbon Dioxide (cm) Actual volume of Carbon Dioxide produced (cm) 0.2 48 34 1.0 240 176 In my preliminary work I realised that the actual volume of Carbon Dioxide was not the same as the expected volume of Carbon Dioxide. The percentage error was about 70%. This is because Carbon Dioxide is slightly soluble in water and some of the gas has dissolved forming Carbonic Acid. I also found several improvements that I could make to my final plan, being: 1. A fair amount of Calcium Carbonate was left un-reacted in the tube: The flask is shaken gently until all the Calcium Carbonate has fully reacted. 2. The delivery tube repeatedly dislodged itself from underneath the measuring cylinder. The delivery tube is held by hand to stop it dislodging. Method Apparatus required: * 50ml measuring cylinder (accurate to 1ml) * 100ml measuring cylinder (accurate to 1ml) * 250ml measuring cylinder (accurate to 2ml) * Trough * Delivery Tube * Round bottomed flask * Calcium Carbonate * 2M Hydrochloric acid * Balance * 5cm Tubes Diagram Method * Set apparatus as in diagram * Place a piece of paper on the balance and tear it * Measure out the required mass of Calcium Carbonate * Pour massed amount of Calcium Carbonate into tube * Place tube in the lip of the round bottomed flask * Connect the delivery tube to the flask * Tap gently so that the tube falls into the acid * Shake fairly vigorously, making sure you are holding the delivery tube so that it doesnt dislodge from under the measuring cylinder. * When all the Calcium Carbonate has reacted record the final volume of gas obtained. Obtaining Evidence Accuracy of apparatus For this experiment the measurements were recorded as accurately as the apparatus allowed: * 50ml measuring cylinder (accurate to 1ml) * 100ml measuring cylinder (accurate to 1ml) * 250ml measuring cylinder (accurate to 2ml) In order to obtain reliable results I repeated the experiment twice. This was done to ensure the all three of the results follow the same trend. To keep this experiment a fair test all three times the following were kept constant: Variable Control of variable Temperature Room Temperature Type ; Concentration of acid 2M Hydrochloric Acid Amount of Acid 50ml Pressure Atmospheric Type of carbonate Calcium Carbonate Rate of stirring None The following results were obtained: Experiment 1 Mass of Calcium Carbonate (g) Volume of expected Carbon Dioxide (cm3) Actual volume of Carbon Dioxide produced (cm3) 0.2 48 36 0.4 96 80 0.6 144 94 0.8 192 158 1.0 240 190 Experiment 2 Mass of Calcium Carbonate (g) Volume of expected Carbon Dioxide (cm3) Actual volume of Carbon Dioxide produced (cm3) 0.2 48 30 0.4 96 68 0.6 144 100 0.8 192 142 1.0 240 192 The results obtained above which are in bold I found to be anomalous results. In Experiment 1 -0.6g In Experiment 2 -1.0g I therefore repeated them: Repeats Mass of Calcium Carbonate (g) Volume of expected Carbon Dioxide (cm3) Actual volume of Carbon Dioxide produced (cm3) 0.6 144 98 1.0 240 188 Analysing From the results obtained I could plot the following graphs: 1) Experiment 1 A graph to show mass of CaCO3 against amount of CO2 produced 2) Experiment 2 A graph to show mass of CaCO3 against amount of CO2 produced 3) A graph to show mass of CaCO3 against average amount of CO2 produced with expected result All three of the graphs show that as mass of Calcium Carbonate is increased the amount of Carbon Dioxide produce increases. The straight line goes through the origin and therefore this relation is directly proportional. For example in experiment 1: 0.2g of CaCO3 produces 36cm3 of CO2 0.4g of CaCO3 produces 80cm3 of CO2 0.4g of CaCO3 produces 80cm3 of CO2 0.8g of CaCO3 produces 158cm3 of CO2 For example in experiment 2: 0.2g of CaCO3 produces 30cm3 of CO2 0.4g of CaCO3 produces 68cm3 of CO2 0.4g of CaCO3 produces 68cm3 of CO2 0.8g of CaCO3 produces 142cm3 of CO2 The examples above are not exactly directly proportional, but are very close. This is because of experimental error. Molar Calculation Calcium Carbonate Hydrochloric Acid Calcium Chloride Water Carbon Dioxide CaCO3 HCl CaCl2 H2O CO2 1 2 1 1 1 100g 73g 111g 18g 24dm3 g of CaCO3 produces 24dm3 of CO2 as 1 mole of any gas at room temperature and pressure occupies 24dm3. g of CaCO3 produces 240cm3 of CO2 g of CaCO3 produces 192cm3 of CO2 g of CaCO3 produces 144cm3 of CO2 g of CaCO3 produces 96cm3 of CO2 g of CaCO3 produces 48cm3 of CO2 From the molar calculations and from graph 3 it is visible that the relationship is directly proportional and the graph of mass against volume shows a straight line through the origin. For example: 0.2g of CaCO3 produces 48cm3 of CO2 0.4g of CaCO3 produces 96cm3 of CO2 0.4g of CaCO3 produces 96cm3 of CO2 0.8g of CaCO3 produces 192cm3 of CO2 After processing my results it can now concluded that as the mass of Calcium Carbonate is increased the amount of Carbon Dioxide produced increases. This relation is directly proportional. This can be supported with both my obtained results and the calculated results. These results do confirm the original prediction made earlier. The results support the original prediction as it was predicted that the volume of Carbon Dioxide produced will increase directly proportionally with the mass of Calcium Carbonate used. The results support the original prediction fairly well but not fully as there is one discrepancy. The results obtained are not exactly directly proportional but are close enough to being so. These slight differences are due to experimental error, which will be explained in detail in the Evaluating section in more detail. Evaluating Considering the equipment provided I think that the results obtained were fairly consistent and reliable. The results gave a distinct pattern similar to that of the expected results. I would consider the evidence to be reliable as they both follow the same trend on the graph. The experiment was repeated twice although in both experiments I obtained anomalous results. Both values are distinctly distanced from the line on the graph. On obtaining the anomalous results I repeated both the values and I found that both results were fairly similar to those previously obtained and therefore they seemed to be anomalous but they proved not to be as all three results fell all close to each other. I would consider the experiment not to be as reliable, as there were several factors, which need criticism: * The purity of the CaCO3 For this experiment the purity of the calcium carbonate was 98% and if it had been 100% pure than I think it would have made a difference. * Temperature of the room fluctuated. The temperature did remain constant throughout the whole experiment and so it might have had an effect on the experiment. * Not all the CO2 produced was collected. This is because Carbon Dioxide is slightly soluble in water and some of the gas has dissolved forming Carbonic Acid. Gas was still being left in the delivery tube. * Bubbles of gas were stuck to the measuring cylinder when reading was taken. When the final amount of gas produced was recorded, a fair amount of gas bubbles were on the sides of the measuring cylinder and therefore the volume will not be correct. * The flask is shaken fairly vigorously. In my method I had said that to dissolve all the CaCO3 I would need to shake the flask fairly vigorously. This however was not the case. The more vigorously the flask is shaken the more CO2 will dissolve and therefore only gentle shaking was needed. The conclusion obtained is supported fully by the results obtained. I consider my range of results to be an appropriate range in which I have made the conclusion. My values spread from 0.0g 1.0g, giving a wide spread. However this conclusion is only for the results obtained, this may not be the case if the experiment is done for values outside the range I investigated. If I were to do this experiment again I would: 1) Try the experiment with other Carbonates. I would predict that even for other carbonates, as the mass of Carbonate is increased the amount of Carbon Dioxide produced increases. This relation will be directly proportional. To prove this I will do the calculations for Magnesium Carbonate. Magnesium Carbonate Hydrochloric Acid Magnesium Chloride Water Carbon Dioxide MgCO3 2HCl MgCl2 H2O CO2 1 2 1 1 1 84g 73g 95g 18g 24dm3 g of MgCO3 produces 24dm3 of CO2 as 1 mole of any gas at room temperature and pressure occupies 24dm3. g of MgCO3 produces 286cm3 of CO2 g of MgCO3 produces 228cm3 of CO2 g of MgCO3 produces 171cm3 of CO2 g of MgCO3 produces 114cm3 of CO2 g of MgCO3 produces 57cm3 of CO2 Therefore it can be said that for any carbonate the relationship will be exactly the same, i.e. as the mass of Carbonate is increased the amount of Carbon Dioxide produced increases directly proportionally. 2) Do the whole experiment again but using various different pieces of apparatus. I would do an experiment, which doesnt include water, therefore no gas can be lost. Apparatus required: * Syringe * Trough * Delivery Tube * Round bottomed flask * Calcium Carbonate * 2M Hydrochloric acid * Balance * 5cm Tubes Method * Set apparatus as in diagram below * Place a piece of paper on the balance and zero it * Measure out the required mass of Calcium Carbonate * Pour massed amount of Calcium Carbonate into tube * Place tube in the lip of the round bottomed flask * Connect the delivery tube to the flask * Tap gently so that the tube falls into the acid * Shake fairly gently, making sure you are holding the delivery tube so that it doesnt dislodge from under the measuring cylinder. * When all the Calcium Carbonate has reacted record the final volume of gas obtained.

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Application of Non-ionising Radiation Based Enzyme APPLICATION OF NON-IONISING RADIATION BASED ENZYME INACTIVATION OF BITTER GOURD (Mordica charania L.): A COMPARATIVE STUDY Nalawade S. A, Akanksha, H.Umesh Hebbar Introduction Although many processing technologies could be used to extend the shelf life of fruits and vegetables, the commonly used ones in current food industry are blanching and dehydration. Blanching is a pre-processing operation carried out before drying of fruits and vegetables. The main purpose of blanching is to inactivate enzymes such as peroxidase, polyphenoloxidases and phenolase which cause many adverse changes of a product (Fellows, 1990; Hiranvarachat, Devahastin, Chiewchan, 2011; Vishwanathan, Giwari, Hebbar, 2013). Conventional blanching involves processing with hotwater, steamand acid. The conventional blanching has many drawbacks such as loss of water soluble nutrients (Lavelli, Zanoni, Zaniboni, 2007), quality deterioration (Gornicki Kaleta, 2007) and environmental problems (Bomben, 1977). Bitter gourd is known for its medicinal properties and has been used in various Asian and African herbal medicine systems from a long time Grover and Yadav (2004), Beloin et al., (2005), Ananya Paul and Sarmistha Sen Raychaudhuri (2010). It has antidiabetic, antitumorous, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and cholesterol lowering capacity Ahmed et al., (2001), Grover and Yadav (2004) and Taylor (2002).The compound responsible for anti-diabetic property in bitter gourd is Charantin, a hypoglycemic compound which is a mixture of two compounds (1:1) sitosteryl glucoside (C35H60O6) and stigmasteryl glucoside (C35H58O6) that has been isolated from the seeds, leaves and fruit of Momordica charantia (Raman and Lau, 1996). Storage of raw bitter gourd is difficult because of presence of some enzymes which deteriorate the product quality. Hence, Blanching is carried out before drying operation. Primary purpose of blanching is to inactivate enzymes such as Peroxidase (POD), Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) allowing stabilization and minimize the degradation of other quality attributes (Canet, 1989). Peroxide (POD) is considered as enzymatic indicator for blanching (Gunes and Bayindirli, 1993, Sheu and Chen, 1991 and Zhu and Pan, 2009) which is one of the most heat resistant enzymes, therefore when POD is inactivated most of other enzymes present might not survive (Halpin Lee, 1987). 90% reduction in POD activity was considered as the end point, since persistence of 3-10% is considered sufficient for drying purpose (Gunes and Bayindirli, 1993). Conventional blanching method includes processing the sample with hot water and steam. The advantages of electromagnetic radiation (MW and IR) employed blanching over conventional blanching methods (water or steam) are rapid inactivation of enzyme complexes that cause quality degradation and minimal/no leaching of vitamins, flavor, pigments, carbohydrates and other water soluble components (De Ancos et al. 1999).These methods have drawbacks such as quality deterioration (Gornicki Kaleta, 2007) and loss of water soluble nutrients (Lavelli, Zanoni, Zaniboni, 2007). The application of microwave radiation for blanc hing or enzyme inactivation (Ramaswamy and Fakhouri, 1998; Ponne, Baysal, Yuksel, 1994; Begum and Brewer, 2001; Brewer and Begum, 2003; Roberts et al., 2004; Lin and Brewer, 2005; Zhu Pan, 2009; Lin and Ramaswamy, 2011; G.C. Jeevitha et.al ,2013 ;Vishwanathan et al., 2013 ) showing its effectiveness and suitability. From the results of Ramaswamy and Fakhouri (1998), Ramesh et al. (2002), G.C. Jeevitha et.al ,2013 and Bengang Wu et al.,2014 it is possible to observe that vegetable tissue blanched with microwave and infrared radiation retained better nutritional value. G.C. Jeevitha et.al,2013 reported better retention of water-soluble nutrients during dry blanching of red bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) slices using infrared (IR) and microwave (MW) radiations and its performance compared with conventional methods. There are a few reports on MW blanching (Chung et al. 1981; Ramesh et al. 2002; Brewer and Begum 2003) and IR blanching (Ponne et al. 1994) indicating their benefits in terms of nutrient retention over steam or water blanching. The objectives of present study were to: evaluate kinetics of Bitter gourd peroxidase (POD) polyphenol oxidase (PPO) inactivation and determine adequacy of both conventional (water and steam) and Dry blanching (IR and MW); to evaluate effect on product quality in terms of moisture, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll and charantin. Materials and Methods Bitter gourd dark green (moisture content 92  ± 1.2%w.b) were purchased from a local market. All the fruits were washed with running water under tap to remove adhering dust and reduce the surface micro-flora and stored at 4  ± 1 °C until further use. The bitter gourd fruits were procured from a single source and almost the same degree of maturity was maintained in order to minimize variation in raw material quality. Sample preparation Bitter gourd fruits were washed thoroughly with tap water and sliced using Robot coupe slicer of dimension 5 mm. seeds were removed manually and used for the study. Blanching Systems Water Blanching Bitter gourd slices (100 g) were immersed in hot water (1:3) maintained at 90  ± 2 °C for 2 min. The blanched samples were immediately cooled to room temperature (25 °C) by dipping in water for 5 min. Surface excess moisture of slices was removed using filter paper and subjected for analysis. Steam Blanching Bitter gourd slices (30 g) were subjected to steam blanching by exposing the slices to steam in an autoclave (100C and 1atm) for 3 min. The steam blanched Bitter gourd slices were immediately cooled to room temperature by dipping in water for 5 min. Samples was subjected for analysis after removing the surface moisture. IR Blanching. About 100 g of bitter gourd slices spread uniformly on the stainless steel (AISI 304) conveyor of IR heater developed (Hebbar and Ramesh 2006) at the authors institute and exposed to IR radiation at a chamber air temperature 200 °C for 8 min. The IR heater, fitted with near IR heat sources (1.1 THz; 0.26 kW/m2) on top and bottom sides of the wire mesh conveyor, was used for the study. IR heat was applied intermittently to control blanching temperature. The chamber was preheated to the required temperature before blanching. The blanched slices were cooled rapidly to room temperature by blowing air. MW Blanching MW blanching was carried out in a domestic microwave oven (BPL, 2,450 MHz) at an intensity of 5.57, 7.36 and 8.8 W/g. For all the runs, the position of the bitter gourd slices were maintained the same on the turntable to minimize variation. Crude extract preparation Slices were homogenized with 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer of pH 7 in the ratio of 1:3. Homogenate was filtered through muslin cloth and centrifuged at 5,100 g for 20 min at 4 ° C. Supernatant was collected and used for the assay. Enzyme analysis. POD Assay The substrate solution was composed of 1.0 mL of phosphate buffer of pH 6, 1.0 mL of 15 mM guaiacol and 1 mL of 3 mM H2O2. To the substrate solution, 50  µL of enzymatic extract were added and the increase in OD was recorded at 470 nm for 5 min using ultraviolet (UV) visible spectrophotometer (UV- 160A, Shimadzu, Japan). Enzyme activity was determined from the slope of the linear portion of the graph relating absorbance with time and expressed as ΔAbs470/min.g sample (Fujita et al. 1997). PPO Assay A spectrophotometric assay at 411 nm using 0.1 M catechol as substrate was used to quantify PPO activity (Weemaes et al. 1997). Moisture content Moisture content of raw and blanched bitter gourd was analyzed using the AOAC method. Values reported are the average of triplicate determinations Estimation of Ascorbic acid The ascorbic acid was determined by 2,6-dichlorophenol- indophenol visual titration methods,(Ranganna 1986) given as follows: Standardization of dye Ascorbic acid (100 mg of l-ascorbic acid) was dissolved in 3% HPO3 and volume made up to 100mL. Further, 10 ml of this solution was diluted to 100mL with HPO3. From this, 5mL was transferred to Erlenmeyer flasks containing 5mL of metaphosphoric acid (3%). A burette was filled with the dye, prepared from dissolution of 50 mg of the sodium salt of 2, 6-dichlorophenol in hot distilled water (150 mL) containing 42 mg of NaHCO3, which was made up to 200mL with distilled water. Then, the ascorbic acid solution was titrated against the standard indophenol solution to a rose pink color, which persisted for around 15 s. The dye factor was determined as milligram of ascorbic acid per milliliter of the dye, using the formula: Sample preparation and assay, the sample (10 g) was macerated with metaphosphoric acid (3%) in a pestle and mortar, filtered, and made up to 100 ml. The filtrate (5 mL) was taken and titrated against the standard dye to a pink end point, which persisted for at least 15 s. The vitamin C content was calculated as: Percentage retention of ascorbic acid was calculated by, Where A= amount of ascorbic acid present after processing A0= amount of ascorbic acid present in fresh bitter gourd Both values taken dry basis Estimation of Chlorophyll Estimation of chlorophyll was carried out according to the procedure of Ranganna.[25] bitter gourd slices (1 g) were macerated with 80% acetone in a pestle and mortar. The supernatant layer was decanted and the extraction was repeated until the residue was colorless. Then the extracts were pooled, filtered, and made up to 100mL in a volumetric flask. The absorbance measured at 645nm and 663nm using spectrophotometer (Schemadzu UV-1800) The amount of chlorophyll present in the extract mg chlorophyll per g tissue was calculated using the following equation Where, A=absorbance at specific wavelength V= final volume of chlorophyll extracted in 80% acetone W= weight of tissue extracted The results were expressed as % on dry basis. Percentage retention of ascorbic acid was calculated by, Where A= amount of chlorophyll present after processing A0= amount of chlorophyll present in fresh bitter gourd Both values taken dry basis Estimation of Charantin Soxhlet extraction About 1.0 g of bitter melon fruit powder was extracted with 200 ml of ethanol for 150 min. Charantin remained in the sample residue was extracted repeatedly in 30 ml volumes of methanol using ultrasonication. The extract was filtered and evaporated to obtain viscous crude extract and purified prior to the analysis with HPLC. Sample purification To purify the crude extract, the protocol as described in Chanchai (2002) was carried out. Briefly, 5 ml of 50:50 (v/v) methanol–water was added to the crude extract. The mixture was then sonicated for 15 min and centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 15 min to separate the supernatant from the precipitate. The precipitate was then added with 5 ml of 70:30 (v/v) methanol–water, and the mixture was again sonicated and centrifuged. The precipitate from this step was added with 3 ml of hexane, and the step was repeated. The precipitate from this step was re-dissolved in 200  µl of 1:1 (v/v) chloroform–methanol mixture, and then adjusted to volume with methanol to 2 ml volume for that obtained with Soxhlet extraction. The purified solution was filtered through a 0.45 µm nylon membrane filter (Millipore, USA) before being analyzed by an HPLC. Analysis HPLC analysis was carried out for the quantification of Charantin present in the sample with C-18 Ascentis column (5 µm particle, 4.6 mm Ãâ€" 250mm ID). The mobile phase used was 100:2 (v/v) methanol-water and flow rate was maintained at 1mL/min. The UV detector was set at the wavelength of 204nm and the sample injection volume was 20 µL. Percentage retention of charantin was calculated by, Where A= amount of charantin present after processing A0= amount of charantin present in fresh bitter gourd Both values taken dry basis Kinetics of enzyme inactivation The reaction rate constant was determined using first order equation Where A is the peroxidase or polyphenol oxidase activity at time t; A0 is the initial enzyme activity; t is the blanching time (s); k is the reaction rate constant (s-1) at given temperature. Decimal reduction time (D) of enzyme is the time required for one log10 reduction in activity of the enzyme (Cigdem and Zerrin 2005), was determined using the following equation: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Enzyme Inactivation The activity of POD and PPO in fresh samples were found POD 4Ãâ€"103 U/g and PPO- 322 U/g (fresh weight), respectively. The blanching was continued till the POD activity was reduced to 10% of the initial activity. The slices were blanched in water maintained at 95 °C (fig. a) and exposed to steam (fig. b) for different time intervals (15 to 180 sec). The time taken for water and steam blanching was 120 and 180 sec, respectively. The inactivation of PPO was also significant during this period. The bitter gourd slices were blanched using IR radiation at 200 °C chamber temperature for different time intervals. The time required for blanching was 8 min (fig. c). PPO inactivation trend was similar to that of POD, with marginally quicker inactivation. The initial content of ascorbic acid was 666.7 ± 2.3 mg ascorbic acid/100 g dry weight .Ascorbic acid is considered as a relevant nutritional quality index of food during blanching and drying because of its low stability during thermal treatments and its water solubility. Ascorbic acid is significantly lost (20– 70%) during water and steam blanching and one of the advantages of dry blanching is the higher retention of this water soluble micronutrient. IR blanching at 200 °C retained higher ascorbic acid (∠¼ 93%) compared with other two conditions.(table.1) The results showed that that the duration–temperature combination decided the retention of ascorbic acid, rather than temperature or duration alone. IR blanching removed nearly 10% moisture, which could be a favorable factor, if drying is the subsequent step. Acknowledgement The Author would like to thank UGC for the award of Junior Research Fellowship (RGNF). Authors wish to thanks Director, CFTRI for extending infrastructure other facilities for carrying out this work.

Capitalist Society in The Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Essay ex

Capitalist Society in The Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller "Death of a salesman" is a "tragedy of a common man". Throughout the play the reader sees how Willy Loman struggles to achieve something, which is beyond his capability. He has a dream, the American dream of success and accomplishment. And yet, he is not able to ever thrive because his idea of how to succeed is wrong. The times have changed, the play is set in the period of an economic boom and increasing desire for material goods in America and the Loman family is now living in a capitalist society, however, Willy seems not to have realised that things have changed. He is constantly battling between the present and the past, the reality and a dream. The play is about a conflict between a man and his society, it's a "hanging fire" between suicide and intolerably changing world. To begin with, however, it is important to identify what is meant by the term "capitalist system". Capitalist system is a type of an economy where the owners of the businesses retain all the profits for themselves. This type of a system encourages people to want more, as they hold total responsibility of how much they earn. The importance of the employer and employee relationship increases, as the workers are judged by the quality of the work they are putting into the company. It becomes a tough competition between the staff to survive and keep their jobs. There is now a need to impress on the employer with the effort and work you put into his firm and consequently climb up the ladder of success. The relationship between Howard and Willy in the play is very ambiguous. Howard on one hand is running... ... physically and mentally. He desperately tries to integrate, but he was left behind the modern world. Unable to control his senses of past and present, mixing and confusing the two, Willy fails to see the flawed nature of the system he functions in. He follows wrong dreams and ideas, which are mainly imposed upon him by the society, only to prove himself; nonetheless he is "crushed" by the unjust, competitive culture. And in addition, his personal failures add to the self-perceived wasted life of a "common man". 1. C.W.E. Bigsby: "A critical introduction to Twentieth-century American Drama"; Volume One 1900-1940 2. York Notes Advanced: "Death of a salesman, Arthur Miller"; editor: Adrian Page, 1998 3. Stratford-upon-Avon Studies: "American Theatre"; general editors: John Russel Brown, Bernard Harris, 1967

English as a Global Language Essay

In recent decades, the entire world has bared witness to the rise of English as the world’s primary language. Apart from being the primary forms of communication for ordinary people, English has also poses as a means of communication in other domains such as mass communications, economics, engineering, business, aviation, political affairs, and entertainment. The question has thus become apparent, how did English become the world’s lingua franca? Originally, English was only spoken as a vernacular language of people within the British Isles, but since the expansion of the British Empire from the middle ages to the middle of 18th century, the English colonizers have taken their local dialect to the territories they conquer (Schitz, 2004). With the exception of Egypt and Sudan, figure 1 shows that most of the nations under the British Empire’s control manifest the influence of the English language to the local populace. Figure 1 (Schitz, 2004) Today, the English language is considered the primary language of most countries such as the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Ireland, Asia, Africa (Schitz, 2004). Putting the number of speakers aside, the placement of English in the pedestal of global language can also be attributed to the stature of the global superpower. From the very reason of the spread of English to the world’s consciousness, power plays a vital role in recognition of language. David Crystal explains that language itself is dependent, in a sense that language only exists in the human senses of those who speak it, when such people of a particular language succeed, their language comes with them (1997, 7). As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the United States being a superpower nation is the major factor why English is a global language. And being the emblem for world dominance for the last five decades reflects that power has played a vital role in the emergence of the United States’ brand of English as a global language (Bruthiaux, 2003, 9). Gillaume Schitz (2004) relates the strength of America as a superpower to the constant migrations in the country in recent decades. Figure 2 (Schitz, 2004) Based on Schitz’s analysis, the diction and/or accent of American English varies dependent of the regions within the American geography, but regardless of the diversity of the American English norms, generally, American English is a world standard because of its stature among the world’s nations. In a similar magnitude, the American English language contributes to success in various fields such as culture, business and economy while complementing the fact that the success of the United States in other facets of human endeavour also establishes English as a global language. For instance, the multinational fast-food chain McDonalds primarily invaded the food industries of non-English speaking nations through the introduction of their food products to the markets of most countries in the world. English as a global language provides an extensive communication system in the advent of globalization through overseas employment, tourism, international security and information dissemination (Crystal, 1997, 100). Overseas employment requires a universal language since there are applicants and employers who do not understand the native language of one another. Similar principles can be applied in the art of music, a song cannot grasp international success and recognition if the lyrics cannot be understood (Crystal, 1997, 104). Braj B. Kachru (1995) has come up with the three circle model to represent English as a global language by categorizing the use of English as primary, secondary, and tertiary language. The drastic change in the world’s collective culture is another considerable factor on why English is the global language. Much of this is brought about by the fact that most influences on the world’s cultural trends come from Americans. The technology of personal computers for instance, contributes to the proliferation of English in the context of a global language because the American life has transformed the personal computer from a sophisticated technological device to a standard business tool and home appliance. And as David Groddol indicates, English is used in most computer and internet applications simply because most of these applications are made by Americans (Graddol, 1997, 4). In addition to the trend that most transactions today are processed in computers and that the internet can be used as a means of education and resource for information (Graddol, 1997, 4). Technology in terms of communication is another vital factor that manifests the reason why English is the language of globalization (Crystal, 1997, 86), since English can serve as the universal medium to share cultures. English can also serve as the universal informant of international affairs and other international issues. English should be the world language simply because it has become popular over the centuries. The rise and fall of the British empire, the drastic changes in culture, economy, bussiness, technology and communication contribute to putting the english language in the pedestal of universality. The given points in the essay answers the question should english be become the world’s language, and justifies the answers to the said questions as well. In this sense, english can be the only medium that can unite a diverse world. References Bruthiaux, P. Tonkin, H. , and Reagan, T. G. (Eds). (2003). Contexts and Trends for English as a Global Language. In Language in the Twenty-first Century. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Crystal, D. (1997). English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Graddol, D. (1997) The Future of English?. London: The British Council. Kachru, B, B. , Quirk, R. and Widdowson, H. G. (Eds). (1985) Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the Outer Circle. In English in the world: Teaching and learning the language and literatures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schitz, Guilaume. â€Å"Lecture 7 – World-Wide English. † 6 February 2004. eHistLing. 3 March 2008

My Views On Educational Psychology - 932 Words

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